The impact of attitudes on behavioural change: a multilevel analysis of predictors of changes in consumer behaviour
El impacto de las actitudes en el cambio comportamental: un análisis multinivel de los predictores de los cambios en el comportamiento del consumidor
Ítalo Alí
,
José Sepúlveda
,
Jocelyne Sepúlveda
,
Marianela Denegri
Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, (2021), 53, pp. 73-82.
Received 11 September 2020
Accepted 15 June 2021
Introducción/objetivo: Este artículo buscó identificar las variables predictoras de los cambios en hábitos y conductas de consumo responsable en estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Método: La muestra se conformó por 110 estudiantes divididos en un grupo experimental (n = 68) y uno control (n = 42). Se consideraron mediciones pre y post intervención, en el marco de un programa piloto de educación financiera para estudiantes de Pedagogía en Historia y Geografía. Se incluyeron análisis de efectos mixtos multinivel, que evaluaron el poder de predicción de las actitudes hacia la compra, el materialismo, la discrepancia del yo, y los niveles de alfabetización financiera sobre el cambio en las conductas de consumo responsable. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que racionalidad (una subescala de las actitudes hacia la compra) y centralidad (una subescala de materialismo) son los predictores significativos de los cambios comportamentales en la compra. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren posibles pautas de intervención para promover el consumo responsable en estudiantes universitarios.
Palabras clave:
Educación financiera, actitudes hacia la compra, materialismo, conducta responsable, racionalidad; alfabetización financiera
Introduction/objective: The paper sought to identify the predictor variables of changes in habits and behaviours of responsible consumption in students of Pedagogy of History and Geography in the city of Temuco, Chile. Method: The sample comprised of 110 students divided into an experimental (n = 68) and a control (n = 42) group. Pre-and post-intervention measurements were considered, within the framework of a pilot financial education programme for students of Pedagogy of History and Geography. Analyses included Multilevel Mixed Effects Analyses, which evaluated the predicting power of attitudes towards purchasing, materialism, self-discrepancy and levels of financial literacy regarding behavioural change in responsible consumption. Results: The results set forth rationality (a subscale of attitudes toward purchasing), and centrality (a subscale of materialism) as significant predictors of behavioural changes in purchasing. Conclusions: These results suggest guidelines for interventions to promote responsible consumption in university students.
Keywords:
Financial Education, attitudes toward purchasing, materialism, responsible behaviour, rationality, financial literacy
Agarwal, S., Amromin, G., Ben-David, I., Chomsisengphet, S., & Evanoff, D. (2009). Do financial counseling mandates improve mortgage choice and performance? Evidence from a legislative experiment (No. 2009–07). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/70553
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888-918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
Barron, J., & Staten, M. (2009). Is technology-enhanced credit counseling as effective as in-person delivery? In Networks Financial Institute at Indiana State University Conference: Improving Financial Literacy and Reshaping Financial Behavior. Network Financial Institute. http://www.indstate.edu/business/sites/business.indstate.edu/files/Docs/2012-WP-05_Staten_Barron.pdf
Bartoń, K. (2019). MuMin: Multi-model inference. R package. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/MuMIn.pdf
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Baumann, Z. (2007). Vida de consumo. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bayer, P. J., Bernheim, B. D., & Scholz, J. K. (2008). The effects of financial education in the workplace: Evidence from a survey of employers. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 605-624.
Bell, C., Gorin, D., & Hogarth, J. M. (2009). Does financial education affect soldiers’ financial behavior? (No. 2009- WP- 08). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1445635
Bosshardt, W., & Watss, M. (1994). Instructor efects in economics in elementary and junior high school. Journal of Economic Education, 25(3), 195-211.
Carswell, A. T. (2009). Does housing counseling change consumer financial behaviors? Evidence from Philadelphia. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 30(4), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-009-9170-y
Collins, J. M. (2013). The impacts of mandatory financial education: Evidence from a randomized field study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 95, 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.08.011
Collins, J. M., & O’Rourke, C. (2010). Financial education and counseling— Still holding promise. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(3), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1529422
Denegri, M. (2010). Introduction to the economic psychology. (PSICOM, Ed.) (Electronic). Eumed.
Denegri, M., Alí, Í., Novoa, M., Rodríguez, C., Del Valle, C., González, Y., Etchebarne, M. S., Miranda, H., & Sepúlveda, J. (2012). Relations between scales of attitudes toward money and purchase: A study in pedagogy students of Chile. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 46(2), 229-238.
Denegri, M., Araneda, K., Ceppi, P., Olave, N., Olivares, P., & Sepúlveda, J. (2016). Alfabetización económica y actitudes hacia la compra en universitarios posterior a un programa de educación económica. Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación, 15(29), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.21703/rexe.20162965814
Denegri, M., Del Valle, C., González, Y., & Etchebarne, M. S. (2013). Informe de avance proyecto Fondecyt n° 1110711: Diseño, validación y evaluación de un modelo pedagógico de alfabetización económica en la formación inicial de profesores. Comisión Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.
Denegri, M., Del Valle, C., González, Y., Etchebarne, S., Sepúlveda, J., & Sandoval, D. (2014). Consumers or citizens ? An economic and financial education framework for initial teacher training. Estudios Pedagógicos, 15(1), 75-96.
Denegri, M., Palavecinos, M., Ripoll, M., & Yáñez, V. (1999). Caracterización psicológica del consumidor de la IX Región. In M. Denegri, F. Fernández, R. Iturra, M. Palavecinos & M. Ripio (Eds.), Consumir para vivir y no vivir para consumir (pp. 7-31). Ediciones.
Dittmar, H., Beattie, J., & Friese, S. (1996). Objects, decision considerations and self-image in men’s and women’s impulse purchases. Acta Psychologica, 93, 187-206.
Fernandes, D., Lynch, J., & Netemeyer, R. (2014). Financial literacy, financial education, and downstream financial behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), 1861-1883. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1849
Fox, J., Bartholomae, S., & Lee, J. (2005). Building the case for financial education. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(1), 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00009.x
Frank, A. (2011). mer-utils.R. R code. https://github.com/aufrank/R-hacks/blob/master/mer-utils.R
Gamer, M. (1948). KendallW: Kendall’s coefficient of concordance W function. R package.
Gamer, M., Lemon, J., & Singh, P. (2012). irr: Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. R package. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/irr/irr.pdf
Garay, G. (2015). The behavioral finance, the financial literacy and its impact on decision making financial, economic well-being and happiness. Perspectivas, 18(36), 7-34.
Gempp, R., Denegri, M., Caripán, N., Catalán, V., Hermosilla, S., & Caprile, C. (2007). Desarrollo del Test de Alfabetización Económica para Adultos TAE-A-25. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 275-284.
Godoy, M. P., Sepúlveda, J., Araneda, L., Canario, R., Fonseca, J., & Sáez, C. (2018). Actitud hacia el consumo, ahorro y endeudamiento en titulados de una universidad pública del sur de Chile. Interdisciplinaria: Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines, 35(2), 511-525. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2018.35.2.16
Green, P., & MacLeod, C. J. (2016). SIMR: an R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(4), 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12504
Hamid, F. S., & Loke, Y. J. (2021). Financial literacy, money management skill and credit card repayments. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(2), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12614
Harrison, X. A., Donaldson, L., Correa-Cano, M. E., Evans, J., Fisher, D. N., Goodwin, C. E. D., Robinson, B. S., Hodgson, D. J., & Inger, R. (2018). A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ, 6(5), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4794
Holland, J. H., Goodman, D., & Stich, B. (2008). Defined Contribution Plans Emerging in the Public Sector. The Manifestation of Defined Contributions and the Effects of Workplace Financial Literacy Education. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 28(4), 367-384.
Kim, J. (2007). Workplace financial education program: Does it have an impact on employees’ personal finances? Journal of Family and Consumer Science, 99(1), 43-47.
Kim, K. T., Lee, J. M., & Lee, J. (in press). Student loans and financial satisfaction: The moderating role of financial education. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning. https://doi.org/10.1891/JFCP-19-00002
Kourilsky, M., Esfandiari, M., & Wittrock, M. C. (1996). Generative teaching and personality characteristics of student teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 12(4), 355-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(95)00045-L
Luna-Arocas, R., & Fierres, R. (1998). Incidencia en la compra por impulso en la ciudad de Valencia. Revista Investigación y Marketing, 60, 16-25.
Luna-Arocas, R., & Quintanilla, I. (1999). Symbolic Consumption and selfenhancement. In Ist Conference on Consumption: Consuming markets, consuming meanings (pp. 1-3). Plymouth, UK.
Luna-Arocas, R., & Quintanilla, I. (2000). El modelo de compra ACB: una nueva conceptualización de la compra por impulso. Esic Market, (106), 151-163.
Luna-Arocas, R., & Tang, T. L. (2004). The love of money , satisfaction , and the protestant work ethic: Profiles among university money professors. Journal of Business, 50(4), 329-354.
Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. (2007). Financial literacy and retirement preparedness: Evidence and implications for financial education programs (No. 2007/15). https://repository.upenn.edu/prc_papers/568/
Marambio Tapia, A. (2018). Endeudamiento “saludable”, empoderamiento y control social. Polis, Revista Latinoamericana, 49, 79-101.
Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2001). Introduction to linear regression analysis (3rd ed.). Wiley.
Nakagawa, S., Johnson, P. C., & Schielzeth, H. (2017). The coefficient of determination R2 and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 14(134), 20170213. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0213
OECD. (2005). Improving financial literacy: Analysis of issues and policies. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264012578-en
Özçağlar-Toulouse, N. (2009). What meaning do responsible consumers give to their consumption? An approach by narratives. Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 24(3), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/205157070902400305
Parrado, F., & Mendivelso, M. (2015). Descripción de hábitos compra y endeudamiento en una muestra de consumidores del área metropolitana de Pereira. Revista Guillermo de Ockham, 13(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.21500/22563202.2068
Peñaloza, V., Gerhard, F., Campos, D., & Heredia, R. (2018). Impact of buying attitude over consumption reduction in the context of economic crisis. Contextus, 16(2), 8-28. https://doi.org/10.19094/contextus.v16i2.1015
R Core Team. (2018). R: A languaje and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303. https://doi.org/10.1086/209304
Signorell, A. (2020). DescTools: tools for descriptive statistics. R package. https://cran.r-project.org/package=DescTools
Spader, J., Ratcliffe, J., Montoya, J., & Skillern, P. (2009). The bold and the bankable: How the Nuestro Barrio telenovela reaches latino immigrants with financial education. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43(1), 56-79.
Srikant, M. (2013). Materialism in consumer behavior and marketing: A review. Management & Marketing, 8(2), 329-352.
Varcoe, K., & Fitch, P. (2003). Money talks- a program to improve financial literacy of teens. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 27(3), 218-251.
Vargha, L. D. (2004). Buyer beware! Economics activities for middle school students. The Social Studies, 95(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.3200/TSSS.95.1.27-32
Walstad, W., & Allgood, S. (1999). What do college seniors know about economics? American Economic Review, 89(2), 350-354. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.350
Walstad, W. B., & Rebeck, K. (2001). Teacher and student economic understanding in transition economies. The Journal of Economic Education, 32(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480109595171
Williamson, J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. In J. Williamson (Ed.), Latin American adjustment: How much has happened (pp. 90-120). Peterson Institute for International Economics.