Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures implemented worldwide have transformed family life and women’s way of working, deepening pre-existing inequalities both at work and in the family. Method: Structural Equations were used to explore the relationships between work-family conflict, negative emotional symptoms and family satisfaction in women from dual-income families. Questionnaires were administered to 430 women with paid work with at least one adolescent child in Rancagua, Chile, who responded to the work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict dimensions of the Work-Family Interface Scale; the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Results: The work-family conflict, in both directions, was positively associated with negative emotional symptoms, which, in turn, were negatively related to family satisfaction. Family-to-work conflict was directly negatively related to family satisfaction, while negative emotional symptoms showed a mediating role between work-family conflict and family satisfaction. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, to improve family satisfaction in crisis situations, interventions are needed to mitigate work and family demands, as well as to ameliorate negative emotions such as depression, anxiety and stress in women with paid work.

Keywords:
Conflict, work, family, negative emotional symptoms, family satisfaction, women

05_RLP_55_22174_Conflicto

Al-Alawi, A., Al-Saffar, E., Almohammed Saleh, Z., Alotaibi, H., & Al-Alawi, E. (2021). A study of the effects of work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and work-life balance on Saudi female teachers’ performance in the public education sector with job satisfaction as a moderator. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 22(1), 486-503. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss1/39

Alonso, P., & Aliaga, F. (2017). Demanda de autonomía en la relación entre los adolescentes y sus padres: normalización del conflicto. Estudios Sobre Educación, 33, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.15581/004.33.77-101

Amah, O. E. (2021). Managing the negative effects of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts on family satisfaction of working mothers’ in Nigeria: The role of extended family support. Community, Work & Family, 24(3), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1697646

Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (2011). Depressão: causas e tratamento (2.ª ed.). Artmed.

Bernardi, L., Bollmann, G., Potarca, G., & Rossier, J. (2017). Multidimensionality of well-being and spillover effects across life domains: How do parenthood and personality affect changes in domain-specific satisfaction? Research in Human Development, 14(1), 26-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2016.1268893

Cameron, E., Joyce, K., Delaquis, Ch., Reynolds, K., Protudjer, J., & Roos. L. (2020). Maternal psychological distress & mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276(1), 765-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.081

Carlson, D. L., Petts, R., & Pepin, J. R. (2020). Changes in parents’ domestic labor during the COVID-19 pandemic. SocArXiv Papers. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jy8fn

Cienfuegos-Martínez, Y., Saldívar-Garduño, A., Díaz-Loving, R., & Avalos-Montoya, A. (2016). Individualismo y colectivismo: caracterización y diferencias entre dos localidades mexicanas. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 6(3), 2534-2543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aipprr.2016.08.003

Collins, C., Ruppanner, L., Landivar, L. C., & Scarborough, W. (2021). The gendered consequences of a weak infrastructure of care: School reopening plans and parents’ employment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender & Society, 35(2), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432211001300

Eshak, E. S. (2019). Mental health disorders and their relationship with work-family conflict in upper Egypt. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 40, 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-019-09633-3

Falcone, E. M. O., Baptista, M. N., Placido, M. G., Krieger, S., Oliveira, E. R., Falcone, J. F., & Vieira, B. F. L. (2016). Construção e validade de conteúdo da escala cognitiva de ansiedade em adultos. Revista Psicología em Pesquisa, 10(1), 85-93. https://acortar.link/DT2qkY

González-Medina, G., Letelier-Fuentes, N., & Aguirre-Iduya, D. (2020). Un enfoque social sobre las diferencias de género en depresión en trabajadores: la importancia del conflicto trabajo-familia. Revista de Psicología, 29(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2020.55335

Grandey, A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 350-370. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1666

Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6.ª ed.). Prentice-Hall.

Hobfoll, S. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.  https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.44.3.513

Horsch, A., Kang, J. S., Vial, Y., Ehlert, U., Borghini, A., Marques-Vidal, P., Jacobs, I., & Puder, J. J. (2016). Stress exposure and psychological stress responses are related to glucose concentrations during pregnancy. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21(3), 712-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12197

Huebener, M., Spieß, C. K., Siegel, N. A., & Wagner, G. G. (2020). Wohlbefinden von familien in zeiten von Corona: Eltern mit jungen kindern am stärksten beeinträchtigt. DIW Wochenbericht, (30/31), 527-537. https://doi.org/10.18723/diw_wb:2020-30-1

International Monetary Fund. (2020). Policy responses to COVID-19. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19

Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., & Chan, C. (2017). Conflicto trabajo-familia, satisfacción familiar y bienestar de los empleados: un estudio comparativo de trabajadores sociales australianos e indios. Revista de Gestión de Recursos Humanos, 27, 366-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12143

Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work-family interface: Well-being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47, 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00502.x

Lovibond, P., & Lovibond, S. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u

MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit evaluation in structural equation modeling. En A. Maydeu-Olivares, J. McArdle, (Eds.), Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275-340). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum. Associates, Inc.

Meier, A., Musick, K., Fischer, J., & Flood, S. (2018). Mothers’ and fathers’ well-being in parenting across the arch of child development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80, 992-1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12491

Möhring, K., Naumann, E., Reifenscheid, M., Wenz, A., Rettig, T., Krieger, U., Friedel, S., Finkel, M., Cornesse C., & Blom, A. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and subjective well-being: Longitudinal evidence on satisfaction with work and family. European Societies, 23(1), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833066

Mousavinia, S., Naami, A., Arshadi, N., & Beshlideh, K. (2020). The role of employees’ wellbeing in reducing the effects of work-family conflict on family satisfaction, parenting quality, and couple relationship quality in nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 33(124), 41-57. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3191-en.html

Neto, M. J., Sequeira, J., Massano-Cardoso, I., & Chambel, M. J. (2020). Flexibility, cohesion and family satisfaction: The impact of conflict between work and family. Journal of Family Therapy, 43(4), 773-792. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12322

Obrenovic, B., Jianguo, D., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. (2020). Work-family conflict impact on psychological safety and psychological well-being: A job performance model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(475). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00475

Omar, A., & Urteaga, A. (2010). El impacto de la cultura nacional sobre la cultura organizacional. Universitas Psychologica, 9(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy9-1.icnc

Orellana, L., Schnettler, B., Miranda-Zapata, E., Poblete, H., Lobos, G., Lapo, M., & Adasme-Berríos, C. (2021). Effects of work-to-family conflict and work interference in the parent-child relationship on family satisfaction of dual-earner parents and their adolescent children. Child Indicators Research, 14, 2145-2169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09822-3

Orellana, L., García, R., Miranda-Zapata, E., & Schnettler, B. (2022). Effects of work-to-family enrichment on psychological distress and family satisfaction: A dyadic analysis in dual-earner parents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 63(6), 634-647. http://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12850

Recuero, L. H., & Segovia, A. O. (2021). Work-family conflict, coping strategies and burnout: A gender and couple analysis. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 37(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2021a5

Rhee, M.-K., Park, S.-K., & Lee, C.-K. (2020). Pathways from workplace flexibility to turnover intention: Role of work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Social Welfare, 29, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12382

Román, F., Vinet, E. V., & Alarcón, A. M. (2014). Escala de depresión, ansiedad y estrés (DASS-21): Adaptación y propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes secundarios de Temuco. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 13(2), 170-190.

Rudolph, C., & Zacher, H. (2021). Family demands and satisfaction with family life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice. 10(4), 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000170

Schjoedt, L. (2021). Exploring differences between novice and repeat entrepreneurs: does stress mediate the effects of work-and-family conflict on entrepreneurs’ satisfaction? Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, 56, 1251-1272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00289-9

Schnettler, B., Miranda-Zapata, E., Grunert, K., Lobos, G. Lapo, M., & Hueche, C. (2019). Depression and satisfaction in different domains of life in dual-earner families: A dyadic analysis. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 51(3), 199-209. http://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n3.7

Schnettler, B., Miranda-Zapata, E., Orellana, L., Poblete, H., Lobos, G., Adasme-Berríos, C., Lapo, M., & Beroiza, K. (2021). Relationships between work-to-family conflict and the food domain for dual-earner parents with adolescent children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 752209. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752209

Superintendencia de Seguridad Social (Suceso). (2021). Estadísticas de licencias médicas de origen común por enfermedades mentales —año 2019— Primer cuatrimestre 2020. https://www.suseso.cl/607/articles-592232_archivo_01.pdf

Ten Brummelhuis, L., & Bakker, A. (2012). A resource perspective on the work-home interface: The work-home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027974

Valero-Cedeño, N., Cuenca, M., Mojica, Á. & Portillo, M. (2020). Afrontamiento del COVID-19: estrés, miedo, ansiedad y depresión. Enfermería Investiga, 5(3), 63-70. https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/enfi/article/view/913

Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A., Badri, S. K. Z., Panatik, S. A., & Mukhtar, F. (2021). The unprecedented movement control order (Lockdown) and factors associated with the negative emotional symptoms, happiness, and work-life balance of malaysian university students during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 566221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.566221

Yavorsky, J. E., Qian, Y. & Sargent, A. C. (2021), The gendered pandemic: The implications of COVID-19 for work and family. Sociology Compass, 15, e12881. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12881

Zabriskie, R. B., & McCormick, B. P. (2003). Parent and child perspectives of family leisure involvement and satisfaction with family life. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2003.11949989

Zanon, C., Brenner, R. E., Baptista, M. N., Vogel, D. L., Rubin, M., Al-Darmaki, F. R., Gonçalves, M., Heath, P. J., Liao, H.-Y., Mackenzie, C. S., Topkaya, N., Wade, N. G., & Zlati, A. (2020). Examining the dimensionality, reliability, and invariance of the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) across eight countries. Assessment, 28(6), 1531-1544. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119887449