Psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the General Phubbing Scale

Propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la Escala General de Phubbing

Manuel J. Ruiz , Carlos Herruzo , Joaquín Alcañiz-Colomer
Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, (2024), 56, pp. 64-71.
Received 22 November 2023
Accepted 3 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2024.v56.7

Resumen

Introducción: El aumento en el uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, internet y redes sociales ha dado lugar a cambios significativos en la forma en que las personas se comunican, lo que conlleva consecuencias negativas que pueden comprometer la salud psicológica y física. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una adaptación y validación de la Escala General de Phubbing en una población española. Método: Trescientos cuarenta y seis participantes españoles participaron en el estudio completando medidas de autoinforme para evaluar sus niveles de phubbing, adicción a Internet, adicción al teléfono y Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Resultados: La adaptación de la escala al español resultó en propiedades psicométricas de alta calidad y preservación del número original de ítems y la estructura (nomofobia, contacto interpersonal, autoaislamiento y reconocimiento del problema). Además, el análisis de la relación entre las variables mostró que el phubbing y sus dimensiones estaban positivamente asociados con constructos relacionados, incluyendo la adicción a internet, adicción al teléfono y FoMO. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos proporcionan evidencia empírica sobre la fiabilidad y validez de la versión en español de la Escala General de Phubbing como una herramienta para evaluar comportamientos de phubbing.

Palabras clave:
Adaptación, phubbing, fiabilidad, validez, estudio de instrumento.

Abstract

Introduction: The increased use of information and communication technologies, the internet and social networking sites has resulted in significant changes in the way people communicate, leading to negative consequences that might compromise psychological and physical health. The aim of this study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing into a Spanish language context. Method: Three hundred forty-six Spanish respondents participated in the study by completing self-report measures for assessing their levels of phubbing, internet addiction, phone addiction, and fear of missing out (FoMO). Results: The scale adaptation to Spanish resulted in high quality psychometric properties and the original number of items and structure were preserved (nomophobia, interpersonal contact, self-isolation, and problem acknowledgement). In addition, the analysis of the relationship between variables showed that phubbing and its dimensions were positively associated with related constructs including internet addiction, phone addiction, and FoMO. Conclusions: The findings provide empirical evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Generic Scale of Phubbing as a tool to assess phubbing behaviours.

Keywords:
Adaptation, phubbing, reliability, validity, instrumental study.

Artículo Completo
Bibliografía

Al-Saggaf, Y. (2021). Phubbing, fear of missing out and boredom. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6(2), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00148-5

Ansari, S., Azeem, A., Khan, I., & Iqbal, N. (2024). Association of phubbing behavior and fear of missing out: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking (Ahead of print). https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0761

Blanca, M. J., & Bendayan, R. (2018). Spanish version of the Phubbing Scale: Internet addiction, Facebook intrusion, and fear of missing out as correlates. Psicothema, 30(4), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.153

Barrault, S., Durousseau, F., Ballon, N., Réveillère, C., & Brunault, P. (2019). Smartphone addiction: French validation of the Internet Addiction Test-Smartphone version (IAT-smartphone) and associated psychopathological features. L’Encephale, 45(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2017.12.002

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Ben-Yehuda, L., Greenberg, L., & Weinstein, A. (2016). Internet addiction by using the smartphone-relationships between internet addiction, frequency of smartphone use and the state of mind of male and female students. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome & Addiction Science, 2(1), 22-27. https://acortar.link/vZ6oGK

Bitar, Z., Akel, M., Salameh, P., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2022). Phubbing among Lebanese young adults: Scale validation and association with mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress). Current Psychology, 42, 19709–19720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03104-z

Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Gorbaniuk, O., McNeill, M., Bendayan, R., Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Benvenuti, M., Angeluci, A., Abreu, A. M., Makita, M., Blanca, M. J., Brkljacic, T., Babič, N. Č., Gorbaniuk, J., Holdoš, J., Ivanova, A., Malik, S., … Mazzoni, E. (2021). Country indicators moderating the relationship between phubbing and psychological distress: A study in 20 countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588174

Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed. pp. xvii, 462). The Guilford Press.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

Chan, M. (2015). Mobile phones and the good life: Examining the relationships among mobile use, social capital and subjective well-being. New Media & Society, 17(1), 96-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813516836

Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2016). How “phubbing” becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.018

Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018). Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP). Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020

Dwyer, R. J., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2018). Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.007

Ergün, N., Göksu, İ., & Sakız, H. (2020). Effects of phubbing: Relationships with psychodemographic variables. Psychological Reports, 123(5), 1578-1613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119889581

Ergün, N., Özkan, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2023). Social media addiction and poor mental health: Examining the mediating roles of internet addiction and phubbing. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941231166609

Flora, D. B. (2020). Your coefficient Alpha is probably wrong, but which coefficient omega is right? A tutorial on using r to obtain better reliability estimates. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 484-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920951747

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Gao, C., Shi, D., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2020). Estimating the Maximum Likelihood Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) with Non-normal Data: A Monte-Carlo study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1637741

García-Castro, F. J., Abreu, A. M., Rando, B., & Blanca, M. J. (2022). The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: Psychometric properties. Psicologia, Reflexao e Critica: Revista Semestral Do Departamento de Psicologia Da UFRGS, 35(7), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-022-00209-z

Gil, F., Oberst, U., Valle, G. D., & Chamarro, A. (2015). Nuevas tecnologías – ¿Nuevas patologías? El smartphone y el fear of missing out. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport, 33(2), 77-83. https://raco.cat/index.php/Aloma/article/view/301485

Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Guazzini, A., Duradoni, M., Capelli, A., & Meringolo, P. (2019). an explorative model to assess individuals’ Phubbing risk. Future Internet, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010021

Gugushvili, N., Täht, K., Rozgonjuk, D., Raudlam, M., Ruiter, R., & Verduyn, P. (2020). Two dimensions of problematic smartphone use mediate the relationship between fear of missing out and emotional well-being. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-2-3

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd Ed.). SAGE.

Hambleton, R. K., & Zenisky, A. L. (2011). Translating and adapting tests for cross-cultural assessments. In Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 46-74). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511779381.004

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

Jin Jeong, Y., Suh, B., & Gweon, G. (2020). Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? Comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(5), 578-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1604805

Karadağ, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Erzen, E., Duru, P., Bostan, N., Şahin, B. M., Çulha, İ., & Babadağ, B. (2015). Determinants of phubbing, which is the sum of many virtual addictions: A structural equation model. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.005

Lee, Y.-K., Chang, C.-T., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z.-H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047

Li, Y. (2023). Validation and Short-Form Development of the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed and Phubbing and Relationship Between Being Phubbed and Phubbing in Chinese Adolescents. Current Psychology, 42, 21424–21434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03222-8

Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2017). Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale adapted to Spanish and French: Towards a cross-cultural research in problematic mobile phone use. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.013

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065

Muñiz, J., Elosua, P., & Hambleton, R. K. (2013). Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests. Psicothema, 25(2), 151-157. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.24

Pino, M. J., Herruzo, J., Raya, A., Ruiz-Olivares, R., & Herruzo, C. (2022). Development of IAT-12, a reduced Spanish version of the internet addiction test. Current Psychology, 41, 8471–8480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01167-4

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014

R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2020). Boss phubbing, trust, job satisfaction and employee performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109702

Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02

Rotondi, V., Stanca, L., & Tomasuolo, M. (2017). Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.09.001

Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399-419). Sage Publications, Inc.

Tomczyk, Ł., & Lizde, E. S. (2022). Nomophobia and phubbing: Wellbeing and new media education in the family among adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Children and Youth Services Review, 137, 106489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106489

Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., Antheunis, M. L., & Schouten, A. P. (2016). The effect of mobile messaging during a conversation on impression formation and interaction quality. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.005

Vanden Abeele, M. M. P., & Postma-Nilsenova, M. (2018). More than just gaze: An experimental vignette study examining how phone-gazing and newspaper-gazing and phubbing-while-speaking and phubbing-while-listening compare in their effect on affiliation. Communication Research Reports, 35(4), 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2018.1492911

Xiao, X., & Zheng, X. (2022). The effect of parental phubbing on depression in Chinese junior high school students: The mediating roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868354

Yam, F. C., & Kumcağız, H. (2020). Adaptation of general phubbing scale to Turkish culture and investigation of phubbing levels of university students in terms of various variables. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.5152/addicta.2020.19061

Yu, S., & Sussman, S. (2020). Does smartphone addiction fall on a continuum of addictive behaviors? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), Article 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422

PDF