Introduction: Hostile and benevolent classism influence the derogation of poor people and groups, with negative consequences. The present study aims to adapt and validate the Ambivalent Classism Inventory (ACI) to obtain an adequate tool for expanding research on this topic among the Spanish-speaking population. Method: Toward this end, the researchers back-translated the ACI version originally developed for English speakers. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses verify the ACI’s reliability and factor structure with a sample of Mexican participants. Results: The results demonstrated that the adapted scale’s psychometric properties are acceptable. Its original and factor structure are similar to those of the original scale: hostile classism (12 items), protective paternalism (4 items), and complementary class differentiation (4 items). Furthermore, the study tests the convergent and divergent validity of the scale´s sub-dimensions concerning other ideological and socioeconomic variables. Conclusion: The proposed ACI adaptation should contribute to understanding attitudes toward the poor as well as their consequences among Spanish speakers.

Keywords:
Classism attitudes, ambivalence, hostile classism, protective paternalism, complementary class differentiation, poverty

18_RLP_53_21121_Spanish

Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000). Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19(6), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.586

Bullock, H. E., Fraser Wyche, K., & Williams, W. R. (2001). Media images of the poor. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 229-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00210

Bullock, H. E., Williams, W. R., & Limbert, W. M. (2003). Predicting support for welfare policies: The impact of attributions and beliefs about inequality. Journal of Poverty, 7(3), 35-56. https://doi.org/10.1300/J134v07n03_03

Campos-Vazquez, R. M., & Medina-Cortina, E. M. (2019). Skin color and social mobility: Evidence from Mexico. Demography, 56(1), 321-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0734-z

Carretero-Dios, H., & Pérez, C. (2007). Standards for the development and review of instrumental studies: Considerations about test selection in psychological research. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 863-882.

Castillo, J. C., & Rivera-Gutiérrez, M. (2018). Dimensiones comunes a las atribuciones de pobreza y riqueza. Psykhe, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.27.2.1152

Chambers, J. R., Swan, L. K., & Heesacker, M. (2014). Better off than we know: Distorted perceptions of incomes and income inequality in America. Psychological Science, 25(2), 613-618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613504965

Cheek, N. N., & Shafir, E. (2020). The thick skin bias in judgments about people in poverty. Behavioural Public Policy, 26, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.33

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. A&C Black.

Colbow, A. J., Cannella, E., Vispoel, W., Morris, C. A., Cederberg, C., Conrad, M., Rice, A. J., & Liu, W. M. (2016). Development of the classism attitudinal profile (CAP). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 571-585. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000169

CONEVAL (2021). Medición multidimensional de la pobreza en México 2018-2020. Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social. https://www.coneval.org.mx/Medicion/MP/Paginas/Pobreza-2018.aspx

Cozzarelli, C., Wilkinson, A. V., & Tagler, M. J. (2001). Attitudes toward poor people and attributions for poverty. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00209

Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878-902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878

García-Castro, J. D., García-Sánchez, E., Montoya-Lozano, M., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2021). The perception of economic inequality in everyday life: My friends with the most and least money. Asian Journal of Social Psychology [Advance online publication]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12476

Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109

Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In R. Hambleton, P. Merenda & S. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 3-38). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hayward, K., & Yar, M. (2006). The “chav” phenomenon: Consumption, media and the construction of a new underclass. Crime, Media, Culture, 2(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659006061708

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO7 scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003-1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033

Hodson, G., & Dhont, K. (2015). The person-based nature of prejudice: Individual difference predictors of intergroup negativity. European Review of Social Psychology, 26(1), 1-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10463283.2015.1070018

Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447

Horwitz, S. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2017). The rich—Love them or hate them? Divergent implicit and explicit attitudes toward the wealthy. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 20(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215596075

Hunt, M. O., & Bullock, H. E. (2016). Ideologies and beliefs about poverty. In M. O. Hunt & H. E. Bullock (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty (pp. 93-116). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jaume, L., Etchezahar, E., & Cervone, N. (2012). La justificación del sistema económico y su relación con la orientación a la dominancia social. Boletín de Psicología, 106, 81-91.

Jordan, J. A., Lawler, J. R., & Bosson, J. K. (2021). Ambivalent classism: The importance of assessing hostile and benevolent ideologies about poor people. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 46-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2020.1828084

Jost, J. T., & Van der Toorn, J. (2012). System justification theory. In P. A. M. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 313-343). Sage Publications.

Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice: Effects of “poor but happy” and “poor but honest” stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823

Kline, R. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.

Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2009). Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach. Psychological Science, 20(1), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02251.x

Kteily, N. S., Bruneau, E., Waytz, A., & Cotterill, S. (2015). The acscent of man: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(5), 901-931. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000048

Liu, W. M. (2011). Social class and classism in the helping professions: Research, theory, and practice. Sage Publications.

Lobato, R. M., Sainz, M., & García-Sánchez, E. (2020). Adaptation and validation of the Self-Censorship Orientation (SCO) scale into Spanish. International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 310-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1723367

Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R. M., & Spencer, B. (2014). Dehumanization and social class: Animality in the stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans”. Social Psychology, 45(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159

Nadler, A., & Halabi, S. (2006). Intergroup helping as status relations: Effects of status stability, identification, and type of help on receptivity to high-status group’s help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.97

R Core Team. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://softlibre.unizar.es/manuales/aplicaciones/r/fullrefman.pdf

Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36.

Sainz, M., Loughnan, S., Martínez, R., Moya, M., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2020). Dehumanization of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups decreases support for welfare policies via perceived wastefulness. International Review of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1-13. http://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.414

Sainz, M., Martínez, R., Moya, M., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2019). Animalizing the disadvantaged, mechanizing the wealthy: The convergence of socioeconomic status and humanity attributions. International Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12485

Sainz, M., Martínez, R., Sutton, R. M., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., & Moya, M. (2020). Less human, more to blame: Animalizing poor people increases blame and decreases support for wealth redistribution. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(4), 546-559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219841135

Shor, R., Cattaneo, L., & Alexander, L. (2019). Assessing implicit and explicit attitudes about classism. Journal of Poverty, 23(6), 487-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2019.1616035

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education Limited.

Tagler, M. J., & Cozzarelli, C. (2013). Feelings toward the poor and beliefs about the causes of poverty: The role of affective-cognitive consistency in help-giving. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 147, 517-539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.718721

Wiwad, D., Mercier, B., Maraun, M. D., Robinson, A. R., Piff, P. K., Aknin, L. B., & Shariff, A. F. (2019). The support for economic inequality scale: Development and adjudication. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218685

Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). 5. Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30(1), 165-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078

Yun, S. H., & Weaver, R. D. (2010). Development and validation of a short form of the attitude toward poverty scale. Advances in Social Work, 11(2), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.18060/437