Cogniciones en el lado oscuro: desconexión moral, tríada oscura y conducta antisocial en adolescentes

Cognitions on the dark side: Moral disengagement, dark triad and antisocial behavior in adolescents

María Patricia Navas , Laura Férriz , Olalla Cutrín , Lorena Maneiro , Xosé Antón Gómez-Fraguela , Jorge Sobral
Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, (2020), 52, pp. 131-140.
Recibido 14 de noviembre de 2019
Aceptado 28 de abril de 2020

doi: https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2020.v52.13

Resumen

En el marco de una tradición de investigación relativamente reciente, ciertos rasgos psicológicos relacionados con diversas conductas socialmente reprobables se han agrupado bajo la denominación de “Factor oscuro o lado oscuro de la personalidad”. En este contexto, este trabajo estudia la varianza común que pudiera existir entre los tres componentes del constructo tríada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y los procesos cognitivos constitutivos del constructo desconexión moral, en orden a relacionarlos con la conducta antisocial de una muestra de 800 adolescentes (M = 15.33, SD = .99; 50.1 % chicos). El análisis factorial exploratorio sugirió retener cuatro factores mediante el Análisis Paralelo de Horn. Estos factores se sometieron a una rotación bifactorial en el contexto exploratorio, y sus índices de ajuste fueron adecuados χ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p < .05; RMSEA = .03 [.01, .05]; CFI = .98. El análisis factorial confirmatorio de este modelo bifactorial para representar el lado oscuro, obtuvo índices de ajuste óptimos χ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p < .05; RMSEA = .04 [.04, .05]; CFI = .95; y similar para chicos y chicas. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que el “lado oscuro”, entendido aquí como las características comunes de la tríada oscura y la desconexión moral, está directa e intensamente relacionado con conductas antisociales en chicas (β = .57, p < .001) y en chicos (β = .54, p < .001). Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la prevención de una amplia gama de conductas antisociales en adolescentes. Palabras clave:
Lado oscuro, tríada oscura de la personalidad, desconexión moral, conducta antisocial, adolescentes

Abstract

Within the context of a recent research tradition, certain psychological traits related to various socially reprehensible behaviors have been grouped under the name of «Dark Factor or dark side of personality.» In this context, this paper studies the common variance that could exist between the three components of the Dark Triad construct (Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy) and the constituent cognitive processes of Moral Disengagement construct, in order to relate them to the antisocial behavior of a sample composed of 800 adolescents (M = 15.36, SD = .99; 50.1 % boys). Exploratory factor analysis suggested retaining four factors using Horn Parallel Analysis. These factors were subjected to a bifactorial rotation in the exploratory context, and their fit indices were adequate χ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p <.05; RMSEA = .03 [.01, .05]; CFI = .98. The confirmatory factor analysis of this bifactorial model to represent the dark side obtained optimal fit indices χ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p <.05; RMSEA = .04 [.04, .05]; CFI = .95; similar for boys and girls. The results of the structural equation model indicated that the “dark side”, understood here as the common characteristics of the Dark Triad and Moral Disengagement, is directly and intensely related to antisocial behaviors in girls (β = .57, p < .001) and boys (β = .54, p < .001). Finally, the implications of these results for the prevention of a wide range of antisocial behaviors in adolescents are discussed. Keywords:
Dark side, dark triad of personality, moral disengagement, antisocial behavior, adolescents

Artículo Completo
Bibliografía

Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3

Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364

Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201-2209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613490749

Byrne, B. M. (2012). Multivariate applications series. Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2), 189-225.

Cutrín, O., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., Maneiro, L., & Sobral, J. (2017). Effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours in middle-and late-adolescence. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9(2), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2017.02.001

Embretson, S., & Reise, S. (2000). Item. Response theory for psychologists. Nueva Jersey, US: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Farrington, D. P. (2019). The integrated cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory: Past, present, and future. En D. P. Farrington, L. Kazemian & A. R. Piquero (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology (pp. 2552-2564). Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press.

Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2018). Assessing the quality and appropriateness of factor solutions and factor score estimates in exploratory item factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(5), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164417719308

Férriz-Romeral, L., Navas-Sánchez, M. P., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., & Sobral-Fernández, J. (2019). Moral disengagement and serious juvenile crime: a meta-analysis about its relationship. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 51(3), 162-170. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n3.3 

Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The dark triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018

Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hymel, S. (2014). Moral disengagement among children and youth: A meta-analytic review of links to aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21502

Gott, A. J., & Hetzel-Riggin, M. D. (2018). What did you expect? Substance use expectancies mediate the relationships between dark triad traits, substance use, and substance preference. Psychological Reports, 121(5), 831-852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118755094

Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación. México, D. F.: McGraw-Hill.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2017). Estadística de condenados. Recuperado de https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=25722&L=0.

Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: A concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265

Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). Exploratory item factor analysis: A practical guide revised and up-dated. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2013). Factor 9.2: A comprehensive program for fitting exploratory and semiconfirmatory factor analysis and IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621613487794

Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2019). A general approach for fitting pure exploratory bifactor models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 54(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2018.1484339

Luengo, M. A., Otero, J. M., Romero, E., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., & Tavares-Filho, E. T. (1999). Análisis de ítems para la evaluación de la conducta antisocial: un estudio transcultural. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 7(1), 21-36.

Lyons, M. (2019). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life. Liverpool, UK: Academic Press.

Maneiro, L., López-Romero, L., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., Cutrín, O., & Romero, E. (2018). Pursuing the dark triad. Journal of Individual Differences, 40(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000274

McCallum, R. C. (2009). Factor analysis. En R. E. Millsap & A. Maydeu-Olivares (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methods in psychology (pp. 123-147). London: Sage Publications.

McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78(5), 1529-1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x

Miller, J. D., Vize, C., Crowe, M. L., & Lynam, D. R. (2019). A critical appraisal of the dark-triad literature and suggestions for moving forward. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419838233

Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2018). The dark core of personality. Psychological Review, 125(5), 656-688. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000111

Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616666070

Obermann, M. L. (2011). Moral disengagement among bystanders to school bullying. Journal of School Violence, 10(3), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.578276

Paciello, M., Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Lupinetti, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2008). Stability and change of moral disengagement and its impact on aggression and violence in late adolescence. Child Development, 79(5), 1288-1309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01189.x

Paquette, D. (2015). An evolutionary perspective on antisocial behavior: Evolution as a foundation for criminological theories. In The development of criminal and antisocial behavior (pp. 315-330). Cham: Springer.

Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6

Rauthmann, J. F. (2012). The dark triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611427608

Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Thomaes, S., Goossens, F., Olthof, T., Aleva, L., & Van der Meulen, M. (2016). Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9974-1

Risser, S., & Eckert, K. (2016). Investigating the relationships between antisocial behaviors, psychopathic traits, and moral disengagement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry45, 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.012

Rodríguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045

Rubio-Garay, F., Amor, P. J., & Carrasco, M. A. (2017). Dimensionality and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the mechanisms of moral disengagement scale (MMDS-S). Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 22(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.22.num.1.2017.16014

Salvador, B., Arce, R., Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J., & Seijo, D. (2016). Psychometric assessment of psychopathy: A meta-analytical review. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 49(1), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.015

Schmid, J., & Leiman, J. M. (1957). The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika, 22(1), 53-61.

Shulman, E. P., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A. R., & Fagan, J. (2011). Moral disengagement among serious juvenile offenders: A longitudinal study of the relations between morally disengaged attitudes and offending. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1619-1632. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025404

Sijtsema, J. J., Garofalo, C., Jansen, K., & Klimstra, T. A. (2019). Disengaging from evil: Longitudinal associations between the dark triad, moral disengagement, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(8), 1351-1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00519-4

Silva, D. S., Carneiro, H., de Oliveira, M. G., Luengo, M. A., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. A. (2019). Conducta antisocial: ¿un constructo unidimensional o multidimensional? Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 37(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.5105

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Chmielewski, M., & Kotov, R. (2013). The value of suppressor effects in explicating the construct validity of symptom measures. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 929-941. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032781

Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16(3), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020773

Zeigler-Hill, V., & Marcus, D. K. (Eds.). (2016). The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology. Washington, US: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14854-000

PDF